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        <h2 id="1-ASCII"><a href="#1-ASCII" class="headerlink" title="1.ASCII"></a>1.ASCII</h2><p>计算机一开始在美国使用，字符编码也只包括英文字母。ANSCII编码由一个字节表示所有符号。一个字节可以表示的所有可能是256（2的8次方）种，对于美国人来说，26个英文字母，加上常用的符号，也只是用了127个。如果大家都用英文，那这套编码完全够用。<a id="more"></a>但是不同国家的文字不同，如果加上其他国家的语言符号，那一个字节是不够的，之后ASCII做出了改进，将256种情况剩余的可能用来表示其他字符。一直排到了第255种可能，从128到255表示的字符成为“扩展字符集”，然而，新增的字符并不能解决所有问题。<br><img src="http://i.imgur.com/Ks9A740.jpg" alt=""></p>
<h2 id="2-GB2312"><a href="#2-GB2312" class="headerlink" title="2.GB2312"></a>2.GB2312</h2><p>计算机开始在我国普及时，ASCII中已经没有可以利用的字节状态来表示汉字。于是，我们将扩展字符集删除，将127后的字符状态重新编码。小于127的字符状态的意义与原来相同，但两个大于127的字符连在一起时，就表示一个汉字，前面的一个字节称之为高字节，后面一个字节称之为低字节，这样我们就可以组合出大约7000多个简体汉字了。在这些编码里，我们还把数学符号、罗马希腊的字母、日文的假名们都编进去了，连在 ASCII 里本来就有的数字、标点、字母都统统重新编了两个字节长的编码，这就是常说的”全角”字符，而原来在127号以下的那些就叫”半角”字符了。 </p>
<p>后来GB2312也无法满足人们的需要，随后出现了GBK标准，再后来，还是不够用，于是出现了GB18030。这个标准几乎可以表示所有的中文字符，此标准在2006年5月1日被作为在中国境内所有软件产品支持的强制规格。 </p>
<h2 id="3-Unicode"><a href="#3-Unicode" class="headerlink" title="3.Unicode"></a>3.Unicode</h2><p>不只是我国，很多国家都制定了相应的符合本国文化的字符编码标准。这些标准再本国内可以正常使用，但是如果是不同国家之间通过文本文件的交流，就很有可能导致乱码。这时，国际标准化组织（osi）出现了，OSI致力于将全世界所有的字符用统一的标准编码，消除不同国家之间交流的障碍。</p>
<p>OSI将所有字符用两个字节表示，包括ANCSI中的前127个字符，所以对于钱127个字符来说，本来8位就可以表示的字符现在用16位来表示，这其实是一种资源的浪费。</p>
<h2 id="4-UTF-8"><a href="#4-UTF-8" class="headerlink" title="4.UTF-8"></a>4.UTF-8</h2><p>可以看出，Unicode虽然是一个很好的字符编码方式，但由于所有字符都用两个字节表示导致的资源的浪费，促使了UTF-8的出现，UTF-8编码中的第一个字节仍与ASCII兼容，这使得原来处理ASCII字符的软件无须或只须做少部份修改，即可继续使用。因此，它逐渐成为电子邮件、网页及其他存储或传送文字的应用中，优先采用的编码。互联网工程工作小组（IETF）要求所有互联网协议都必须支持UTF-8编码。<br>UTF-8有如下特点： </p>
<blockquote>
<p><1>  前128个US-ASCII字符只需一个字节编码（与ANCSI相同）。 </1></p>
<p><2>  带有附加符号的拉丁文、希腊文、西里尔字母、亚美尼亚语、希伯来文、阿拉伯文、叙利亚文及它拿字母则需要二个字节编码。 </2></p>
<p><3>  其他基本多文种平面（BMP）中的字符（这包含了大部分常用字）使用三个字节编码。 </3></p>
<p><4>  其他极少使用的Unicode辅助平面的字符使用四字节编码。 </4></p>
</blockquote>

    

    
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